The student will be able to define all types of structures and their  stability, define the methods of  determination of the structure deformation under the  load , study the methods of analysis and internal forces determination of  determinate and indeterminate  structures ,study the methods  used for analysis of structural elements due to moving loads using the influence lines. The student will also learn the methods of structural analysis and the theories used, application of different  methods of structural analysis and the methods of presenting the actual structure, connection between the theoretical analysis and the actual engineering structures.


The objectives of this subject are to give information about: Properties of Fresh and hardened concrete; durability of concrete; Concrete mix design; Special types of concrete; as well as, In-situ tests.


THE IMPORTANCE OF LABORATORY SOIL MECHANICS TESTING

Soil can exist as a naturally occurring material in its undisturbed state, or as a compacted material. Geotechnical engineering involves the understanding and prediction of the behavior of soil. Like other construction materials, soil possesses mechanical properties related to strength, compressibility, and permeability. It is important to quantify these properties to predict how soil will behave under field loading for the safe design of soil structures (e.g. embankments, dams, waste containment liners, highway base courses, etc.), as well as other structures that will overly the soil. Quantification of the mechanical properties of soil is performed in the laboratory using standardized laboratory tests.

OVERVIEW OF MANUAL CONTENTS

The main objectives of a laboratory course in soil mechanics are to introduce soil mechanics laboratory techniques to civil engineering undergraduate students, and to familiarize the students with common geotechnical test methods, test standards, and terminology. The procedures for all of the tests described in this manual are written in accordance with applicable American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. It is important to be familiar with these standards to understand, interpret, and properly apply laboratory results obtained using a standardized method. Each test described in this manual has an associated ASTM standard number

Soil mechanics is defined as the application of the laws and principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with soil as an engineering material. Soil has many different meanings, depending on the field of study. For example, in agronomy (application of science to farming), soil is defined as a surface deposit that contains mineral matter that originated from the original weathering of rock and also contains organic matter that has accumulated through the decomposition of plants and animals. To an agronomist, soil is that material that has been sufficiently altered and supplied with nutrients that it can support the growth of plant roots. But to a geotechnical engineer, soil has a much broader meaning and can include not only agronomic material, but also broken-up fragments of rock, volcanic ash, alluvium, Aeolian sand, glacial material, and any other residual or transported product of rock weathering. Difficulties naturally arise because there is not a distinct dividing line between rock and soil. For example, to a geologist a given material may be classified as a formational rock because it belongs to a definite geologic environment,  but to a geotechnical engineer it may be sufficiently weathered or friable that it should be classified as a soil

1 To develop an understanding of performance and design methodology for basic reinforced concrete structural elements